Geomembrane for Environmental Projects Waterproof

The manufacturing of geomembranes begins with the production of the raw materials, which include the polymer resin, and various additives such as antioxidants, plasticizers, fillers, carbon black, and lubricants (as a processing aid). These raw materials (i.e., the "formulation") are then processed into sheets of various widths and thickness by extrusion, calendering, and/or spread coating.

The US market is currently divided between HDPE, LLDPE, fPP, PVC, CSPE-R, EPDM-R and others (such as EIA-R), and can be summarized as follows:^{[citation needed]} (Note that M m² refers to millions of square meters.)

• high-density polyethylene (HDPE) ~ 35% or 105 M m²
• linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) ~ 25% or 75 M m²
• polyvinyl chloride (PVC) ~ 25% or 75 M m²
• flexible polypropylene (fPP) ~ 10% or 30 M m²
• chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE) ~ 2% or 6 M m²
• ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) ~ 3% or 9 M m²

The majority of generic geomembrane test methods that are referenced worldwide are by the ASTM International|American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) due to their long history in this activity. More recent are test method developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Lastly, the Geosynthetic Research Institute (GRI) has developed test methods that are only for test methods not addressed by ASTM or ISO. Of course, individual countries and manufacturers often have specific (and sometimes) proprietary test methods.

Physical Properties

The main physical properties of geomembranes in the as-manufactured state are:

• Thickness (smooth sheet, textured, asperity height)
• Density
• Melt flow index
• Mass per unit area (weight)
• Vapor transmission (water and solvent).

Mechanical Properties

There are a number of mechanical tests that have been developed to determine the strength of polymeric sheet materials. Many have been adopted for use in evaluating geomembranes. They represent both quality control and design, i.e., index versus performance tests.

• tensile strength and elongation (index, wide width, axisymmetric, and seams)
• tear resistance
• impact resistance
• puncture resistance
• interface shear strength
• anchorage strength
• stress cracking (constant load and single point).

• No.	Item	Test Value
  		0.75mm	1.0 mm	1.25 mm	1.5 mm	2.0 mm	2.5 mm	3.0mm
  1	Minimum Density(g/cm³)	0.939
  2	Tensile Property
  	Strength at yield,N/mm	11	15	18	22	29	37	44
  	Strength at break ,N/mm	20	27	33	40	53	67	80
  	Elongation at yield,%	12
  	Elongation at break,%	700
  3	Tear Resistance   N	93	125	156	187	249	311	374
  4	Puncture Resistance  N	240	320	400	480	640	800	960
  5	Stress Crack Resistance, hrs	300
  6	Carbon Black Content, %	2.0-3.0
  	Carbon Black Dispersion	1  or  2
  7	Standard OTI  Min	100
  	High Pressure OTI  Min	400
  8	Impact Cold Crack at -70°C	Pass
  9	Water vapor permeability	≤1.0×10-13
  	(gNaN/cm2 .s.Pa)
  10	Dimensional Stability (%)	±2

  FAQ
  What is geosynthetics ?
   
  Geosynthetics form a perfect erosion control fabric used extremely widely in civil engineering to stabilize and reinforce slopes and soil under or next to roads, railways, dams, water reservoirs etc.. They can be easily applied which minimizes the time of construction, as well as they limit the resources and materials necessary.
   
  What kinds of geosynthetics we have ?
   
  Non-woven geotextile, geogrids, geocells, GCL, Geomembranes, Geonets, Geocomposites etc .
   
  What is the geosynthetics used for ?
   
  Hydraulic
   Lagooning and Water Treatment, Ornamental Ponds, Golf Courses
   Aquaculture and Desalination,Water Lagoons,Tanks, Reservoirs, Liquid Waste,Floating Cover Solutions, Drainage and Filtration
   
  Environment
  Tailing ponds, Leach mining,Landfills,Landfill Capping,Protection against corrosion,Vertical Barriers
   
  Civil Works
  Erosion Control,Secondary Containment,Tunnels,Linear and Surface Works,Consolidation of Margins,Soil Reinforcement,Soil Separation.
  Building - Parkings,Roofing,Soundproofing