Basic information :
Acrylamide : molecular formula: C3H5NO, molecular weight: 71.08, melting point of pure product is 84 -86°c, boiling point is 125°c; this product is white crystal; easily soluble in water, ethanol, chloroform solvent, acrylamide is an unsaturated amide, the molecule has two active centres and can react to produce a variety of compounds. Our company's acrylamide is produced by hydrating acrylonitrile with microbial cyanide hydrates. It mainly has two products crystal acrylamide and acrylamide aqueous solution. The product is stable and can be adapted to the polyacrylamide production process of pre hydrolysis, copolymerisation, photopolymerization and post- hydrolysis.
Acrylamide ( Crystal ) It has a molecular weight of 71.08 and a density of 1.122g/cm3. The pure product is white flake crystal, soluble in water, ethanol and slightly soluble in benzene. It is more stable when placed in a dark place and is easy to polymerise at the melting point or under ultraviolet light. It decomposes and releases corrosive gases when exposed to high heat.
Product Parameters
| Physical Form: |
Crystal |
Color: |
White |
| Content of Acrylamide: |
≥98% |
Moisture: |
≤0.8% |
| Conductivity: |
≤5µs/cm |
Water Insoluble: |
≤0.005% |
| PH value: |
7-8 |
Inhibitor(ppm): |
≤10 ppm |
| Fe(ppm): |
0 |
Cu (ppm): |
0 |
| Color(Hazen) 40% Solution: |
≤10 |
|
|
Detailed Photos
Packaging & storage
Product packaging The packaging needs to be sealed and cannot come into contact with the air. It should be packed in paper - plastic three in one composite bags, 25 kg per bag. The safe packing method can also be determined according to customer requirement
Product storage The product absorbs moisture easily and should be stored in a cool, ventilated dry warehouse to prevent moisture and away from rain keeping it sealed. Keep away from fires and heat sources and avoid contact with oxidants, acids, alkalis, copper, iron, aluminium and other materials. They should be stored separately from food chemicals and avoid mixed storage. Shelf life: 1 year
Application
Mainly for the production of various kinds of homo polymerization, copolymerization and modification of polymers, can be used as flocculating agent, widely used in oil field drilling, medicine, metallurgy, papermaking, paint, textile, sewage treatment and modification of the soil
The production process
The Production process
The bioproduction of acrylamide involves the enzymatic conversion of acrylonitrile to acrylamide using specific microbial enzymes. This method is considered more environmentally friendly and efficient compared to traditional chemical synthesis. Here is a detailed overview of the bioproduction process:
Microorganisms and Enzymes
- Microorganisms: Certain bacteria, such as Rhodococcus and Pseudomonas species, are known to possess the enzyme nitrile hydratase, which catalyzes the conversion of acrylonitrile to acrylamide.
- Enzyme: Nitrile hydratase (NHase) is the key enzyme used in the bioproduction of acrylamide. This enzyme hydrates nitriles to their corresponding amides.
Bioproduction Process
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Microbial Cultivation:
- Culture Medium: The selected microorganisms are cultivated in a nutrient-rich medium, which supports their growth and enzyme production.
- Growth Conditions: Optimal conditions, such as temperature, pH, and aeration, are maintained to maximize the growth of the bacteria and the expression of nitrile hydratase.
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Enzyme Production:
- Induction: The production of nitrile hydratase can be induced by adding specific inducers to the culture medium. These inducers may include substrates or other compounds that stimulate the synthesis of the enzyme.
- Harvesting: After sufficient enzyme production, the bacterial cells are harvested from the culture medium by centrifugation or filtration.
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Cell Disruption (if needed):
- In some cases, the bacterial cells are lysed to release the nitrile hydratase. This can be done using physical methods (e.g., sonication) or chemical methods (e.g., detergents).
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Enzymatic Conversion:
- Substrate Addition: Acrylonitrile is added to the enzyme preparation or to the whole cell culture.
- Reaction Conditions: The enzymatic conversion is carried out under controlled conditions, including optimal temperature, pH, and substrate concentration to ensure high conversion efficiency.
- Reaction Equation: Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-CN)+H2O→NHaseAcrylamide (CH2=CH-CONH2)\text{Acrylonitrile (CH}_2\text{=CH-CN)} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{NHase}} \text{Acrylamide (CH}_2\text{=CH-CONH}_2\text{)}Acrylonitrile (CH2=CH-CN)+H2ONHaseAcrylamide (CH2=CH-CONH2)
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Product Recovery:
- After the enzymatic reaction, the mixture contains acrylamide, unreacted acrylonitrile, and other by-products.
- Purification: Acrylamide is purified from the reaction mixture using techniques such as crystallization, filtration, and distillation to achieve the desired purity.
Advantages of Bioproduction
- Eco-Friendly: The bioproduction process is environmentally friendly, as it avoids the use of harsh chemicals and reduces the generation of hazardous waste.
- Mild Conditions: The enzymatic reaction occurs under mild conditions (ambient temperature and pressure), making it energy-efficient.
- High Specificity: Nitrile hydratase is highly specific for the conversion of acrylonitrile to acrylamide, resulting in high yields and fewer by-products.
Applications
- Water Treatment: Acrylamide is widely used in the production of polyacrylamides, which are important flocculants in water treatment processes.
- Paper Industry: It is used in the paper industry to improve paper quality and strength.
- Textiles and Cosmetics: Acrylamide derivatives are used in various applications in the textile and cosmetics industries.
Conclusion
The bioproduction of acrylamide using nitrile hydratase offers a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods. By leveraging the catalytic power of microorganisms and enzymes, this process aligns with green chemistry principles and supports environmentally responsible manufacturing practices.
Company Profile
Company and workshop
Honor
Patent:(more than 300)
Laboratory
Toxicity studies
Toxicity studies
Acrylamide is a chemical compound with significant industrial uses, but its toxicity has raised considerable concern. Extensive research has been conducted to understand its toxic effects on human health and the environment. Here is a detailed description of the toxicity studies related to acrylamide:
Acute Toxicity
Oral Exposure:
Animal Studies: In rodent studies, acrylamide has shown high acute toxicity with an oral LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the population) ranging from 107 to 203 mg/kg body weight in rats.
Human Data: Cases of acute acrylamide poisoning in humans are rare but have been reported following accidental ingestion, leading to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, ataxia, and in severe cases, neurological damage.
Dermal Exposure:
Animal Studies: Acrylamide is absorbed through the skin and can cause acute toxicity. The dermal LD50 in rabbits is approximately 1140 mg/kg body weight.
Human Data: Skin exposure can lead to irritation and systemic toxicity if large amounts are absorbed.
Inhalation Exposure:
Animal Studies: Inhalation of acrylamide dust or vapor can lead to respiratory distress and neurological symptoms in animals.
Human Data: Limited data are available, but occupational exposure has been associated with symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and ataxia.
Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity
Neurological Effects:
Animal Studies: Chronic exposure to acrylamide in animals has been shown to cause neurotoxicity, characterized by ataxia, muscle weakness, and degeneration of peripheral nerves.
Human Data: Occupational exposure studies in humans have reported symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and motor dysfunction, indicative of neurotoxic effects.
Carcinogenicity:
Animal Studies: Long-term studies in rodents have demonstrated that acrylamide is a carcinogen, leading to the development of tumors in various organs, including the thyroid, adrenal glands, lungs, and reproductive organs.
Human Data: Epidemiological studies on human populations exposed to acrylamide, particularly through dietary intake, have suggested an increased risk of certain cancers, such as endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. However, the evidence is still considered limited and inconclusive.
Genotoxicity
In Vitro Studies:
Acrylamide has been shown to be genotoxic in various in vitro assays, causing DNA damage, mutations, and chromosomal aberrations in mammalian cells.
In Vivo Studies:
Animal studies have confirmed the genotoxic potential of acrylamide, as it induces micronuclei formation, DNA strand breaks, and other genetic alterations in somatic and germ cells.
Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
Animal Studies:
Studies in rodents have indicated that acrylamide can impair reproductive function, reduce fertility, and cause developmental toxicity, including reduced fetal weight and skeletal malformations.
Human Data:
Limited data are available, but some studies suggest potential reproductive risks for humans, particularly in occupational settings.
Exposure and Risk Assessment
Dietary Exposure:
Acrylamide forms in certain foods, particularly those cooked at high temperatures, such as fried, baked, or roasted foods. Dietary exposure is a significant concern for the general population.
Occupational Exposure:
Workers in industries that produce or use acrylamide may be at risk of higher exposure through inhalation and dermal contact.
Regulatory Status
Acrylamide is classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Various regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), have set guidelines and limits for acrylamide exposure in food and occupational settings.
Conclusion
Acrylamide is a chemical of significant toxicological concern due to its acute and chronic toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and genotoxicity. Continued research and risk assessment are crucial to better understand its health impacts and to develop strategies to mitigate exposure, particularly through dietary sources and occupational settings.
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